DRM & Libraries/Cultural Heritage Institutions Bibliography

 

This bibliography includes recent (2003- ) articles, whitepapers, policy reports,etc. related to DRM libraries and other cultural heritage institutions. It focuses on DRM that serve as technological protection measures rather than broader rights management systems.

The bibliography is organized into sub sections including:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unique cultural Collections & DRM: best practices, white papers, case studies::

  • Ross, S., Donnelly, M., & Dobreva, M. (2004) "Rights Management and Payment Technologies" in Emerging Technologies for the Cultural and Scientific Heritage Sector, DigiCULT Technology Watch Report 2, pg. 119-135. (print)
    • This article briefly introduces the business and commerce nature of content industry, and the utility of technologies including DRM in supporting the business process. Three case studies describe the issues involving the distribution of content, rights management aspect is also addressed.
  • Alrashid, T. M. "Safeguarding Copyrighted Contents: Digital Libraries and Intellectual Property Management" D-Lib Magazine, April 1998. (print)
    • The article presents the information on digital library project undertaken by the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), with an emphasis on the intellectual property management aspect of the project.
  • George, Carole A. (2005) "Testing the Barriers to Digital Libraries: A Study Seeking Copyright Permission to Digitize Published Works" New Library World, Vol. 106, pp. 332-342. (print)
    • This study concerns with the level of complexity in terms of acquiring copyright permission with the goal of determining effectiveness and efficiency of the process.
  • Besek, June M. (2003) "Copyright Issues Relevant to the Creation of a Digital Archive: A Preliminary Assessment" Council on Library and Information Resources and Library of Congress. (print)
    • The paper provides basic information about the copyright law, and highlights issues potentially involved in the creation of a nonprofit digital archive.
  • Koulouris, A & Kapidaks, S. (2005) "Access and Reproduction Policies of University Digital Collections" Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 37(1), pp. 25. (print)
    • The authors gather the policies of the digital collections of ten leading university digital libraries including Harvard, NorthwesternUniversity. These polices are further analyzed according to the factors lead to specific policies.
  • Muir, Adrienne (2004) "Digital Preservation: Awareness, Responsibility and Rights Issues" Journal of Information Science, 30(1), pg. 73-92. (print)
    • Access rather than ownership models of digital content distribution means that libraries may not be able to preserve material and other arrangements have to be made for the preservation of digital content. This article deals with the issues involved in digital preservation: awareness among publishers and libraries, responsibility of preserving digital materials, as well as rights issues.
  • Magnussen, A.(2002) "Electronic Rights Management in the United Kingdom". Library Management vol. 23(3):p. 124-34. (print)
    • This paper reports on a study exploring some of the electronic rights management systems and solutions being developed in UK libraries and information organizations Study participants were interviewed about the various technologies that have been developed in this area, the types of materials covered by each, and their costs, availability and intended future developments, with a view to gaining an understanding of the electronic rights management tools that might be available to libraries. In this article, Electronic Rights Management and DRM are use interchangeably.
  • Rosemann, Uwe (2005) "Subito and German Development in Copyright Law" presentation at the World Library and Information Congress: 71th IFLA General Conference and Council.
    • Information on the German copyright system, and the implementation of a digital rights management (FileOpen), and the resulting outcome.
  • Commission of the European Communities, (2002) "Digital Rights: Background, Systems, Assessment" Commission Staff Working Paper. Retrieved via Frankfurt Group http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/frankfurtgroup/
    • This paper provides background information on DRM system technology and related considerations. Major focus has been on assessing the policy options available to promote the use of technology in the management of rights. Various DRM systems are being evaluated. Information on a number of projects relating DRM is presented as well.
  • O'Neill, J. (2005). Resolving digital rights management: Usage drives protection. Searcher, 13(6), 38-42.
  • Pantalony, R. E., & Green, D. (2005). Sustaining digitization programs in the post-new economy: A re-examination of E-commerce and electronic distribution. Visual Resources Association Bulletin, 32(2), 44-48.
    • Since 1997, the Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN) has considered the possibility of assisting member museums through an initiative to license their digital content to commercial markets. Ongoing discussions with CHIN's advisory panel resulted in a market study (published in 1999 as Like Light Through a Prism) that identified five key market segments for museums to target in commercially developing their holdings. The subsequent popularity of CHIN's Virtual Museum of Canada, and its allied Investment Program, reinforced the possibility of developing sustainable funding for museums. Thus, in concert with its 2004 study of the next generation of The Virtual Museum of Canada, CHIN has returned to the commercial licensing project, aided by the robust growth of online commercial transactions and the rapid maturing of technologies that make those transactions efficient and secure. Late in 2003, CHIN commissioned a report to reassess the commercial opportunities for museums, survey their readiness for such a service, enumerate the perceived risks of distributing high-resolution images online, and evaluate the state of digital rights management technologies that could make the service possible and secure. In a two-part paper presentation, Rina Elster Pantalony and David Green will discuss the reasons for CHIN embarking on this undertaking and the recommendations of the report. Key elements of the presentation include: the role of digital asset and rights management in the integration and automation of museum management of intellectual property; the level of risk determined acceptable to the Canadian museum community; and the continuing CHIN strategy of building capacity and infrastructure within the museum community. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
  • Higher Education Digitization Service (HEDS) (2002) Exploring Charging Models for Digital Cultural Heritage. University of Hertfordshire: UK. http://heds.herts.ac.uk/mellon/charging_models.html
    • The purpose of this study (on behalf of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation) is to investigate some of the underlying assumptions being made in the move from previously analog photographic services into the realm of digital capture and delivery, in particular to look at how marketable, cost efficient and income-stable the new digital services and resources are in comparison with previous methods (which in many places still exist alongside the newer digital developments).
  • JISC/Intrallect (2004) “Digital Rights Management: Final Report” http://www.intrallect.com/drm-study/
    • This report delivers the outcomes of a study to make recommendations on the best approach for JISC and the UK education and research communities to adopt in relation to Digital Rights Management (DRM). The study was carried out between February and August 2004. The study addresses many different aspects of DRM, in particular, issues related to sharing teaching and learning resources, publication and digital library management, providing access to research data, and using resources from 3rd party sources.
  • DigiCULT (2002) Digital Asset Management Systems for the Cultural and Scientific Heritage Sector. http://www.digicult.info/pages/pubpop.php?file=http://www.digicult.info/downloads/thematic_issue_2_021204_low_resolution.pdf
    • Will Digital Asset Management Systems become a "must have" technology in the heritage sector? Heritage institutions will increasingly find that they need highly efficient management systems to digitise collections, to provide enhanced access for scholars and learners, and to develop new marketing tools and revenue generators (e.g. through new products or licensing). Currently DAMS are not widely employed in the sector, however, they begin to enter the scene with larger-scale digitisation projects.
  • DigiCULT (2004) DigiCULT Technology Watch Report 2, February 2004 http://www.digicult.info/downloads/html/1082026370/1082026370.html
    • Discusses Rights Management and Payment Technologies
  • Arts and Humanities Data Service (formerly known as Visual Arts Data Service” (2000) Creating Digital Resources for the Visual Arts: Standards and Good Practice: Controlling Access to Images. University of Bristol: UK http://vads.ahds.ac.uk/guides/creating_guide/sect63.html

    • Return to the top

    Electronic books (including audio books) and DRM::

  • Bohn, P. (2005) "eBook: The Stony Road to Success and the Role of DRM" INDICARE website. (print)
    • This article takes a look at the DRM technology infrastructure and digital rights in the e-publishing environment and introduces readers to ideas of promoting DRM benefits.
  • Mooney, S. (2001) "Interoperability: Digital Rights management in the Emerging Ebook Environment" D-Lib Magazine, Vol 7 (1). (print)
    • The article deals with the role of DRM in ebook market, with an emphasis on the standard issue of DRM development.
  • Craig, C. E. (2003) " 'Lending' institutions: the Impact of the E-book on the American Library System" (print)
    • The author analyzes the compatibility of the ebook with the American library system based on empirical data on the use and expert opinion of e-books in public and academic libraries. From this research, various issues with bearings on the relationships between ebook and libraries are exposed and discussed, and the author concludes that e-books still possess some potential in American libraries if the technology becomes more focused on readers and if the electronic publishers relax some of the use restrictions currently afforded to them by law.
  • Jantz, R. (2001) "E-books and new library service models: an analysis of the Impact of E-book" Information Technology and Libraries, 20(2): 104-113. (print)
    • This article organizes the knowledge and understanding of the ebook evolution, the business models, standards, and supporting technology surrounding ebook. The various impacts that ebook might bring to the library services as well as users are brought to attention
  • Mcknight, C. & Dearnley, J. (2003) "Electronic book use in a Public Library" Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, Vol. 35 (4): 235-242. (print)
    • This paper reports on a study which aimed to investigate the potential for ebook devices within a public library context. Results are discussed in terms of users' reaction and the institutional considerations revealed by the collaborating librarians.
  • Neylon, E. (2001) "First Steps in an Information Commerce Economy: Digital Rights management in the Emerging Ebook Environment" D-Lib Magazine, Vol 7 (1).
    • This article briefly introduces components of ebook commerce, and the current situation of DRM.
  • Rice, S. (2006). Own or rent? A survey of eBook licensing models. Against the Grain, 18(3), 28, 30.
  • Silberer, Z., & Bass, D. (2007). Battle for eBook mindshare: It's all about the rights. IFLA Journal, 33(1), 23-31.
    • This paper discusses a variety of options available to academic libraries considering the acquisition of eBooks. A detailed examination is undertaken with regard to the impact of eBooks on the ordering process, purchasing models, distribution options and overall utility. The paper also outlines some key issues and potential future directions for eBooks. (Author abstract)
  • Albanese, A. (2007). Hachette adopts IDPF ebooks standard. Library Journal, 132(20), 31-32.
    • The article records the 2007 announcement that the Hachette Group of publishers has agreed to embraced the electronic book standards promulgated at the 2007 International Digital Publishing Forum. The implications of the announcement as regards current digital rights management standards are examined.; The article records the 2007 announcement that the Hachette Group of publishers has agreed to embraced the electronic book standards promulgated at the 2007 International Digital Publishing Forum. The implications of the announcement as regards current digital rights management standards are examined.
  • Block, C. (2007). DRM-it! I want DRM-free, downloadable audio books for our patrons! Colorado Libraries, 33(4), 43-44.
    • The article focuses on Digital Rights Management (DRM), which describes a technology application that promises publishers control of electronic media titles. In libraries, DRM is mainly implemented as a method of copy protection. The article highlights the advantages and disadvantages offered by the DRM technology, and discusses their implications for libraries.; The article focuses on Digital Rights Management (DRM), which describes a technology application that promises publishers control of electronic media titles. In libraries, DRM is mainly implemented as a method of copy protection. The article highlights the advantages and disadvantages offered by the DRM technology, and discusses their implications for libraries.
  • Houghton-Jan, S. (2007). Imagine no restrictions. School Library Journal, 53(6), 52-54.
    • Libraries' current e-content models do not facilitate content delivery, accessibility, and customer service in the manner that they should. They should promote and demand from all vendors the model--already adopted by such publishing companies as Springer and BWI--of offering e-books free of Digital Rights Management.
  • Towle, G., Dearnley, J., & McKnight, C. (2007). Electronic books in the 2003–2005 period: Some reflections on their apparent potential and actual development. Publishing Research Quarterly, 23(2), 95-104.
    • This paper, based on PhD research, reflects upon the market for electronic books in the general trade sectors of UK and US publishers during the early years of the 21st century. The paper reports on interviews carried out with publishers between 2003 and 2005, and reflects upon four areas which presented and still present challenges to the uptake of e-books—negative perceptions from consumers; formats; pricing and issues regarding digital rights. The paper concludes that the development and uptake of electronic books has some way to go in the general trade/mass-market sectors.

    Return to the top

    Positive views of DRM as a library/cultural/heritage management tool including document delivery::

  • Pantalony, R. E. (2002). Museums and digital rights management technologies. Museum International, 54(4), 13-20.
    • A number of issues relating to museums and digital rights management technologies are discussed. The writer addresses such issues as how to create legal systems that are inherently flexible to take into consideration ever-evolving technologies while continuing to allow for the adequate protection of intellectual-property rights. She proposes to review the most recent trends in digital rights management technologies and to investigate the so-called appropriateness for the protection of cultural-heritage content on the Internet. In particular, she considers new and exciting programs that are currently being tested, which aim to protect heritage content being employed in large closed-network educational environments that allow teachers and students unfettered access while continuing to protect and remunerate copyright holders.
  • Braid, A. (2004) "The Use of a Digital Rights Management System in a Document Supply Service" Interlending & Document Supply, Vol. 32(3): pp. 189-191.
    • The paper describes the use of DRM in providing a secure document supply service in electronic documental delivery (EDD), the reasons for implementation of a DRM system by the British Library and insights into how the chosen system has been received by users.
  • Davis, D.M. & Lafferty, T. (2002) "Digital Rights Management: Implications for Libraries" The Bottom Line: Managing Library Finances, Vol. 15,1: pp. 18-23.
    • Locking the content and controlling operations on the content have presented interesting challenges in supporting fair use in the digital world. Not only are libraries purchasing intellectual property, but they are also producing and maintaining it. Libraries are publishers. Presents the core components of DRM and the value the technology presents for libraries, and also scenarios to demonstrate where DRM may have improved content delivery to libraries, where library operations may be improved by the use of DRM, and offers critical information against which to ask publishers and content aggregators about their use of DRM with the content they sell to libraries.
  • Garrod, P. (2004) "E-books: are they the interlibrary lending model of the future?" Interlending and Document Supply, 32 (4): pp.227-233.
    • This article assesses the likely impact of e-books on interlibrary lending in the UK. It examines a range of factors that are likely to impact on the lending of e-books to other libraries, for example, digital rights management systems designed to protect copyright and publishers' profits, and the limited take-up of e-book services in UK libraries. It analyses the reasons behind this poor take-up including unsuitable pricing and delivery models and lack of appropriate content. The article also gauges current levels of demand for books requested via interlibrary loans, and questions whether books are different from documents in terms of copying and distribution, and what the likelihood is of e-books being able to satisfy interlibrary loan requests. A new hybrid model of interlending, aimed at solving the problem of lending e-books in academic libraries is reviewed.
  • Rosenblatt, B. (2003) "DRM and research libraries: common ground". Against the Grain, 15 (5): pp.22.
    • Discusses the great deal of hype and misconception that surrounds DRM, caused mainly by the fact that DRM has tended to be applied to the music and film industries, to the exclusion of more general applications. Defines DRM and demonstrates how it can be of value to libraries, with notes on the possibility of universal DRM schemes, how DRM systems govern use and how DRM could provide librarians with efficiency and knowledge.
  • Baxter, M. (2005). Secure document delivery business requirements and challenges. AIIM E-Doc Magazine, 19(4), 39-41.
  • Bide, M. (2006). Informed consumers should welcome the implementation of effective DRM: If it meets their needs. INDICARE Monitor, Vol.2, no.12, 2(12)from LISA: Library and Information Science Abstracts database.
    • The need to protect intellectual property is part of a much wider and increasingly urgent need to implement a wider framework of "digital policy management" on the network. Consumers will not only accept digital policy management but will welcome it; so long as it is designed to meet their requirements and expectations, not simply to defend the existing business models of today's media and technology businesses. (Author abstract)
  • Braid, A. (2005). The use of digital rights management in document supply. INDICARE Monitor, 2(3), [n]. from LISA: Library and Information Science Abstracts database.
    • The article is based on an earlier paper by the author (Interlending & Document Supply, 32 (3) March 2004, 189-191) and describes the use of digital rights management (DRM) in providing a secure document supply service; the reasons for implementation of a DRM system by the British Library; the system adopted, with reasons for the rejection of some systems; and insight into how the chosen system has been received by users. (Original abstract)
  • Laan, M. (2007). Digitaal lenen van muziek lokt nieuwe klanten. [digital borrowing of music attracts new customers.]. Informatie Professional, 11(1), 20-23.
    • As a response to the growing trend in online music acquisition, the Centrale Discotheek Rotterdam, CDR (Rotterdam Central Record Library) initiated a trial digital loan (digileen) project in 2006. Using Digital Rights Management (DRM) software Windows Media Audio (WMA), version 10, library customers are offered temporary (7 days) digital access to tracks of mainly jazz and classical music. Highlights permission issues, how the collaboration with the music industry was set up and looks at the first results. Half a million tracks were downloaded in one year, and more than half of the users of the service were new customers. The CDR hopes to include pop music in the near future, and aims to offer digital music loan as a paid service to other libraries from 2008. Considers the possibilities of developing a similar digital loan model for other media such as films or newspaper archives, but notes that high structural licensing costs will need to be taken into account when offering this type of service. Original article in Dutch.
  • Seadle, M. (2007). Copyright in the networked world: International document delivery. Library Hi Tech, 25(2), 298-304.
    • Design/methodology/approach - The primary methodology is anthropological. The column considers cultural and economic differences and assumptions, as well as differences between the law codes that enable document delivery. Findings - Document delivery is at least temporarily impossible from Germany to the USA owing to lawsuits and agreements within Germany. The introduction of Digital Rights Management (DRM) software into new agreements may lead to programs with seriously abbreviated rights for users. Originality/value - The case of US-German document delivery has particular importance because of the amount of research contact between the two countries and because of the substantial differences in their legal systems and their copyright laws.
  • Shien-Chiang Yu. (2007). Constructing a DRM framework for historical newspaper archives. Electronic Library, 25(6), 778-789.
    • Purpose - The purpose of this study is to discuss the concepts of digital rights management (DRM) of archives of historical newspapers and the design of a DRM framework to render the content of historical news under the rights of authority. Design/methodology/approach - The paper takes the form of a literature review and system analysis. Findings - The rights management of digital objects involves various levels of application techniques and standards which are more complex than physical ones. This study combines the advantages of both tethered and untethered models to manage the digital rights of historical newspapers. It not only simplifies the management system, but also guarantees the rights when users use different platforms to present these digital objects. Originality/value - This study designs a simplified DRM framework to protect the rights of digitized contents and to practise the rights scope of online grant for a historical newspaper.

    Return to the top

    Electronic publishing marketplace and DRM::

  • de Kemp, A., & Riehm, U. (2005). Science can't accept technical barriers of content use! what matters in scientific publishing are licenses, contracts, and laws. INDICARE Monitor, 2(6), [n]. from LISA: Library and Information Science Abstracts database.
    • Reports an interview with Arnoud de Kemp, digilibri, Heidelberg, Germany, undertaken by Ulrich Riehm, which explores the special situation of scientific publishers with respect to the application of digital rights management (DRM) systems. He is convinced that scientific publishing is subject to completely different conditions than those prevailing in the entertainment sector. Among the special characteristics are a tradition of free exchange of information among scientists and unlimited access to full-text databases ruled by consortium contracts. Extensive controls and restrictions of use are not likely to be accepted by scientists and they are also unnecessary as long as legal and contractual regulations work fine. (Original abstract)
  • Chambers, M. B. & So, S. Y. (2004) "Full-text Aggregator Database Vendors and Journal Publishers: A Study of a Complex Relationship" Serials Review, 2004, 30: pp. 183-193. (print)
    • To acquire journal content rights for full-text aggregator databases, database vendors must enter into negotiation and sign contractual agreement with journal publishers. Through survey, librarians at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs examined vendors and publishers relationships and the impact of those relationships on full-text journal content in aggregator services.
  • Dygert, C. (2004) "What academic libraries need from e-publishers" Proceedings of the 8th ICCC/IFIP International Conference on Electronic Publishing
    • While electronic publications can greatly increase a university community's access to information, they also pose many challenges to the libraries charged with collecting and managing them. In the print environment, libraries purchase and own content in perpetuity, while in the electronic environment, they generally lease access to content for limited time periods on a subscription basis. This paradigm shift, often referred to as the "ownership vs. access" model, has profound consequences on the dynamics between libraries and e-publishers. This article demonstrates the principle requirements that libraries are expecting publishers to address.
  • Fetscherin, M. & Schimid, M. (2003) "Comparing the usage of digital rights management systems in the music, film, and print industry".Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Electronic commerce.
    • This paper provides empirical results, analyses and conclusions related to Digital Rights Management Systems and the protection of digital content in the music, film, and print industries. It outlines the similarities and the differences of usages among the above mentioned industries. The paper concludes that each industry uses different protection technologies and that password and encryption are the most frequently used.
  • Geodvolk, E-J. et al. (2004). "Digital rights management in information publishing". Information and Communications Technology Law: 13 (2): pp.99-116.
    • In this article, the authors present a solution to digital rights management (DRM) for electronic publishing and document management services provided by a third-party application service provider (ASP). Legal requirements that service providers have to guarantee with respect to DRM, and DRM service components compliant with the Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) standard are examined.
  • Rosenblatt, B. (2005). Rights management and the revolution in e-publishing. INDICARE Monitor, 2(9), [n].
    • Google Book Search and the handful of developments in its aftermath are ushering in the next wave of digital publishing. Discoverability and rendering of copyrighted works on the Internet add up to the most disruptive force to publishers' lines of business at least since the emergence of desktop publishing in the 1980s. Digital rights management plays a crucial role in this electronic publishing (e-publishing) revolution. Outlines the big changes in online publishing today, and discusses the role that digital rights management (DRM) plays in new online content distribution, discovery, and retail initiatives, and how it should play a role in the future. (Original abstract)
  • Rosenblatt, B. (2007). DRM, law and technology: An american perspective. Online Information Review, 31(1), 73-84.
    • Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of developments in the USA related to digital rights management (DRM) through legal, technological, and market developments in recent years. Design/methodology/approach - This article summarizes recent developments in DRM in two areas. First is the legal landscape, including copyright law developments that apply to digital content and attempts to impose DRM technology through legislation and litigation. Second are recent advances in DRM-related technology and developments in digital content markets that are based on DRM.
  • Albanese, A. (2007). MIT faculty say no to restrictive DRM. Library Journal, 132(8), 20-20.
    • The article reports on the announcement of faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to cancel access to the Society of Automotive Engineering database due to conflicts regarding digital copyright management practices. MIT faculty opted to cancel access to the database rather than download required software which they claimed was a hindrance.; The article reports on the announcement of faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to cancel access to the Society of Automotive Engineering database due to conflicts regarding digital copyright management practices. MIT faculty opted to cancel access to the database rather than download required software which they claimed was a hindrance.

    Return to the top

    User views of DRM and libraries/cultural/heritage ::

  • Jackson, M. & Shah, A. (2005) "The impact of DRMs on personal use expectations and fair dealing rights" ACM Proceedings of the 2005 Australasian workshop on Grid computing and e-research.
    • This study undertakes a review of fair dealing provisions in Australian copyright law and compares our fair dealing rights with the fair use rights under American law. It examines the impact of eight DRM systems on users' expectations of personal use and fair use of copyrightable material. Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems now have potential to remove from users the ability to use, copy and communicate copyright material without permission. This study finds that DRMs, for the most part, grant users rights to copyright digital content which exceed those permitted by the Copyright Act.

    Return to the top

    Rights Languages::

  • Green, B. (2005). Helping libraries manage digital rights. standards for the electronic communication of licensing terms. INDICARE Monitor, 2(7), [n]. from LISA: Library and Information Science Abstracts database.
    • As the number of digital resources in library collections grows, libraries are reaching out for solutions to help them comply with the differing license terms applied to resources by their creators and publishers. EDItEUR is developing standards for the expression and communication of licensing terms in Extensible Markup Language (XML), building on the work of the Digital Libraries Federation's Electronic Resource Management Initiative (ERMI), the joint EDItEUR / NISO work on ONIX for Serials and the analytical approach of the INDECS project. This article summarises the significant progress made towards a solution based on standard message formats and a structured data dictionary. (Original abstract)
  • Coyle, K. (2004). "The 'Rights' in Digital Rights Management". D-Lib Magazine, 10 (9).
    • Presents a short review of the taxonomy of the rights involved in Digital Right Management (DRM) and the technologies that attempt to express those rights.
  • Agnew, G. (2006) Incorporating Rights and Preservation Information into the RUcore Metadata Platform. Presentation at the Fall 2006 CNI Task Force Meeting. http://www.cni.org/tfms/2006b.fall/abstracts/PB-incorporating-agnew.html
    • This presentation will discuss rights and preservation metadata, in the Rutgers RUcore institutional repository, using the Jazz Oral History Project collection to illustrate. The presentation will present a simple rights schema that provides unambiguous rights information for collection managers and end users, as well as preservation information for the complete work, from analog source object to digital master. RUcore's use of PREMIS, including issues with its implementation, will be discussed as well as the preservation services that Rutgers is developing collaboratively with the Fedora repository community.
  • Ernesto Damiani, & Cristiano Fugazza. (2007). Toward semantics-aware management of intellectual property rights. Online Information Review, 31(1), 59-72.
    • Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to introduce the advantages of semantics-aware representation formalisms in the integration of digital rights management (DRM) infrastructures grounded on heterogeneous formats. Design/methodology/approach - After discussing the notion of semantics-aware IPR and its relationship with Semantic Web-style metadata, we exemplify the advantages of adopting it by providing two different use cases. XML-based DRMLs are mapped with a shared ontology-based representation in such a way that dependencies between elements can be drawn. Findings - Individual formalisms may take advantage of a semantics-aware infrastructure to check consistency of DRM policies according to dependencies not explicit in the specification language. On the other hand, distinct formalisms can be integrated with each other according to fine-grained translation mechanisms. Originality/value - Inference procedures can pre-process this knowledge base and derive implicit knowledge that can be used by programming logic in the actual enforcement of DRM policies.

    Return to the top

    Preservation Concerns ::

  • Muir, Adrienne (2004) "Digital Preservation: Awareness, Responsibility and Rights Issues" Journal of Information Science, 30(1), pg. 73-92. (print)
    • Access rather than ownership models of digital content distribution means that libraries may not be able to preserve material and other arrangements have to be made for the preservation of digital content. This article deals with the issues involved in digital preservation: awareness among publishers and libraries, responsibility of preserving digital materials, as well as rights issues.
  • Steinke, T., & Bohle, K. (2005). National libraries, preservation and digital rights management. INDICARE Monitor, 2(3), [n]. from LISA: Library and Information Science Abstracts database.
    • Reports an interview with Tobias Steinke, a computer scientist working at the Deutsche Bibliothek, Germany, where he specialized in long-term archiving and preservation and is partner project manager of the German project kopal, was conducted by Knud Bohle. The interview explores major problems and current developments in long-term archiving and preservation trying to identify possible entry points for digital rights management (DRM) systems in this area. (Original abstract)
  • Ryan, A. (2004) Copyright, Contract and the Future of Digital Preservation Boston University Journal of Science and Technology Law, 10 (1).
    • This note proposes legal changes that will allow libraries and archives to preserve their traditional functions in an increasingly digital world.
  • National Library of Australia Preserving Access to Digital Information (PADI) Website & Resources Related to Intellectual Property http://www.nla.gov.au/padi/topics/28.html

    • Return to the top

    National level laws & policies including lobbying efforts ::

  • Thomas, K. (2006). LACA demands exemptions from DRM. Information World Review, (222), 3-3.
    • Reports on a proposal submitted by the Libraries and Archives Copyright Alliance (LACA) to the All-Party Parliamentary Internet Group, demanding the British government to exempt specific collections from digital rights management protection in 2006. Problems with DRM; Solution to the problem.
  • MPs suggest DRM consultation.(2006). Library & Information Update, 5(7/8), 14-14.
    • The article reports on the recommendations of the All-Party Parliamentary Internet Group (APIG) regarding the digital rights management (DRM). In its report, APIG recommends the non-mandatory implementation of DRM systems. A wider-ranging exemption to the anti-circumvention measures in the Copyright, Designs & Patents Act for libraries is also recommended, to which Cilip senior copyright adviser Barbara Stratton agreed. She claims that such exemption would allow libraries to preserve digital content and prevent technological protection measures from denying access to users.
  • Library warns of 'more restrictive' DRMs.(2006). Library Times International, 23(1), 7-7.
    • The article reports that the British Library in London, England shows concern on the impact of Digital Rights Management (DRM) on access, fair dealing and digital preservation. Due to some unintended consequences of the DRM systems chief executive Lynne Brindley of the British Library has warned its widespread adoption and has recommended policymakers to balance the rights of content creators on the need maintain access for the public, she also welcomes the modernization of the regulatory framework for Intellectual Property particularly on its Growers Review in which the Library has made a major submission.
  • e-copyright threat.(2006). Library & Information Update, 5(6), 17-17.
    • The article focuses on an executive briefing of the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals in London, England in June 2006 which will center on the threat posed by digital rights management systems to libraries and information services. Other related issues to be discussed include the need for library and information workers to obtain direct permission from rights-holders if they are to exploit digital resources fully. Librarians will make the case for patrons to access information in a way that recognizes working practice and business need.
  • Clausen, Helge (2004) "Intellectual Property, the Internet and the Libraries" New Library World, Vol. 105, pp. 417-422.
    • This paper gives an overview of the situation regarding the intellectual property problem for the resources available through the Internet. Two central EU Directives on copyright are analyze, especially regarding the consequences for the libraries open to the public.
  • All Party Internet Group (APIG) Digital Rights Management: Report of an Inquiry by the All Party Internet Group http://www.apig.org.uk/current-activities/apig-inquiry-into-digital-rights-management/DRMreport.pdf
    • The results of a UK Parliamentary Inquiry into DRM and, in part, its effect on libraries. ASLIB suggested changes to UK copyright policies.
  • Coult, G. (2006). LACA response: Gowers review of intellectual property call for evidence (april 2006). Managing Information, 13(10; Intellectual property supplement), 18-30.
    • A detailed response is provided by the Libraries and Archives Copyright Alliance (LACA) to the Gowers Review of Intellectual Property, which was announced by Gordon Brown, the UK Chancellor of the Exchequer. LACA's is presented under broad headings, covering: general comments; general questions and some of the typical answers; specific issues (current term of protection on sound recordings and performers' rights, copyright exceptions (fair use/fair dealing); copyright and digital rights management (DRM); and copyright and orphan works (copyright and licensing of public performances, legal sanctions on intellectual property infringement). (Quotes from original text)
  • Ginsburg, J. C. (2007). The pros and cons of strengthening intellectual property protection: Technological protection measures and section 1201 of the united states copyright act. Information & Communications Technology Law, 16(3), 191-216.
    • The announcement in late November 2006 of the Copyright Office's triennial rulemaking to identify 'classes of works' exempt from the 1201(a)(1) prohibition on circumvention of a technological measure controlling access to copyrighted works in part occasions this assessment of the judicial and administrative construction of this chapter of the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The current Rulemaking appears more innovative than its predecessors, particularly in defining the exempted 'class of works' by reference to the characteristics of the works' users. Copyright owner overreaching or misuse may also underlie the relative vigor of this Rulemaking: if producers of devices or providers of services seek to leverage into de facto monopolies over utilitarian articles, the protection of access controls on computer programs that in turn control the function of these objects, then the courts and the Librarian of Congress through the Copyright Office will need to exercise countervailing vigilance in interpreting the statute.

    Return to the top

    Overview, background, normative arguments ::

  • Foroughi, A, Albin, M, Gillard, S. (2002). "Digital rights management: a delicate balance between protection and accessibility". Journal of Information Science, 28 (5): p.389-95.
    • Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems are beginning to provide copyright protection for digital content. Creators and providers of digital content are increasingly able to control end users' use of, and accessibility to their products, and stand to gain huge profits from this capability. However, as DRM technologies evolve and develop, so does end user concern about restrictions to their access to, and use of information. The DRM industry must provide a balance between fair compensation for the creators of digital content and the rights of end users to access and use information.
  • Fernandez-Molina, J.C.(2004)"Contractual and technological approaches for protecting digital work: their relationship with copyright limitations" Online Information Review, Vol. 28(2):148-157.
    • There are three distinct approaches to dealing with digital work protection: legal, technological, and contractual. The joint use of contractual and technological approaches are seriously endangering libraries's ability to benefit from copyright exceptions. This article discuss the situation.
  • Urs, S. R. (2004) "Copyright, academic research and libraries: balancing the rights of stakeholders in the digitalage". Program, Vol. 38 (3): 201-7.
    • Following an overview of the historical context of copyright legislation, this paper discusses copyright within the scholarly communication process and the role of libraries in providing access to copyright materials in the digital age. The argument is made that the balance of "rights" and "exceptions" that has been maintained for 300 years needs to be reconsidered for scholarly communications, such as theses and dissertations, as well as for articles in electronic journals. This type of information is fact-based, often resulting from public funds, and is part of the intellectual heritage of academic institutions, and so is very different to creative works within the entertainment industries.
  • Agnew, Grace & Martin, M. (2003) "Digital Rights Management: Why Libraries Should Be Major Players." Library and Book Trade Almanac, 48th ed. Pp. 267-278. (print)
    • A brief introduction of DRM concepts and core technologies, as well as its application and problems in the library world.
  • May, C. (2003) "Digital rights management and the breakdown of social norms". First Monday (online), Vol. 8(11).
    • This paper examines the long history of discussion on private rights to reward and the social benefit of information/knowledge diffusion. The advent of digital rights management (DRM) technologies has disturbed a reasonably legitimate politico-legal settlement over "fair use," challenging the existing balance between the rights of "creators" and the interests of users. The author argues that new technologies return the question of the control of knowledge and information (content) to the realm of politics.
  • Coyle, Karen (2004) "Rights Management and Digital Library Requirements" ARIADNE, issue 40, 2004. (print)
    • The author illustrates aspects of the current developments in rights management that may be problematic for digital libraries with the hope to initiate a discussion of requirements on rights management for digital libraries.
  • Dykastra, G. (2003)."Digital rights management: choices for Canada" Feliciter, 49 (2): pp.79-81.
    • The possible implications of Digital Right Management (DRM) in Canada are considered with particular reference to the disruptive effect that it might have on the entertainment business, allocating rights and revenues, fair dealing, the influence of US law on Canadian choices. Concludes that librarians hold the key to Canada's copyright choices through their traditional identification with protecting the public's rightto access to information.
  • Knoph, D. & Sorge, C. (2003) "Model-oriented analysis of user - right holder relations and possible impacts of DRM". Information Services and Use, 23 (4), pp.235-239.
    • This article describes possible scenarios for the future of DRM using a simple model, the "tilting bottle model". The conclusion states that the solution can only be found in a balanced DRM system considering the needs of both the customers and the right holders.
  • British Academy (2006) Copyright and Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences: A British Academy Review. The National Academy for Humanities and Social Sciences: London UK. http://www.britac.ac.uk/reports/copyright/index.html
    • A review concerned with how existing copyright material is used by scholars to create new and original scholarly material which will subsequently attract its own copyright. Our concern has been that this process may be – is being – inhibited by excessively tenacious defence of rights in existing intellectual property. The evidence from our inquiry has produced important instances of this, especially in art and music. Discusses DRM as one impediment to research.
  • Bailey, C. W. (2006). Strong copyright + DRM + weak net neutrality = digital dystopia? Information Technology and Libraries, 25(3), 117-139.
    • Three critical issues-a dramatic expansion of the scope, duration, and punitive nature of copyright laws; the ability of Digital Rights Management (DRM) systems to lock-down digital content in an unprecedented fashion; and the erosion of Net neutrality, which ensures that all Internet traffic is treated equally-are examined in detail and their potential impact on libraries is assessed. How legislatures, the courts, and the commercial marketplace treat these issues will strongly influence the future of digital information for good or ill. (Author abstract)
  • Houghton-Jan, S. (2007). Imagine no restrictions: We dream of a world with free access to content. in the meantime, there's DRM. School Library Journal, 53(6), 52-54.
    • Discusses Digital Rights Management (DRM) and its implications for content producers, consumers, and libraries. DRM's controversial application of controlling digital content has sparked an escalating battle over copyright protection and fair use. Simply stated, DRM is a technology that allows copyright owners to regulate and manage their content when it is disseminated in a digital format, and it is the reason why some patrons cannot access some of the downloadable digital content provided by libraries. Looks at three reasons why libraries should care about DRM. (Quotes from original text)

    Return to the top

    Related information technologies & standards ::

  • Dalziel, J. (2004) "DOI in a DRM Environment" DOI Conference White Paper. Retrieved online via http://www.doi.org/publications.html
    • The whitepaper introduces what DOI is, the benefits of DOI, specific DOI and DRM issues, and discusses implications for lecturers, universities, publishers, pre-media, printers, booksellers and students.
  • Rosenblatt, B. (2003) "Integrating Content Management with Digital Rights Management" Available online through http://www.xrml.org/
    • This whitepaper provides overview of content management systems and digital rights management, as well as the processes enabling the designed system functions. It highlights the business imperatives for integrating rights management in digital content industry. The author also points out in this paper the potential opportunities for the integration of technology in terms of the benefits and functions associated with the integration.
  • Sinha, N. (2005). Secure embedded data schemes for user adaptive multimedia presentation. JODI: Journal of Digital Information, 6(4), 1.
    • In this Digital/Internet Age, digital multimedia holds an unlimited potential, and virtually all forms of media content, including books, video games, music and software are now available for digital distribution. Digital multimedia libraries, comprising a large amount of such digital media (the so-called Digital Intellectual Property), in the form of images, video, audio and graphics are rapidly growing. Also, due to the unprecedented growth of the World Wide Web, vast amounts of multimedia data is readily available leading to an explosion of multimedia and hypermedia database creation and sharing. Digital information embedding techniques for various types of media, for a variety of applications including digital libraries, museum cataloging, medical and healthcare industries, digital preservation systems, educational systems and personalization systems, are of significant interest in two areas. Firstly, these are useful for the realization of efficient database indexing schemes and customization, which in turn lead to efficient tools for the organization, retrieval, adaptive presentation, and distribution of digital media content. Secondly, these are useful in developing tools to protect, detect and verify ownership and/or usage rights for the Digital Intellectual Property and also the tracking of these in the distribution medium. In either of these applications, information embedding schemes which allow for a detailed level of source description, and which are robust to some of the distortions encountered in the distribution medium (e.g., JPEG compression for images), are particularly attractive. This paper presents an overview of multimedia presentation adaptation through the use of robust information descriptors and a novel information embedding technique for digital images that allows for significantly higher information throughput and increased robustness compared to many of the existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
  • Balas, J. L. (2005) "Librarians Have a Passion for Order". Computers in Libraries, Vol. 25(4): 26-8. (print)
    • This article presents understanding on Digital Asset Management solutions to libraries' need. The connection between DAM and DRM is also addressed. 19
  • Wolf, P., Steinebach, M., & Diener, K. (2007). Complementing DRM with digital watermarking: Mark, search, retrieve. Online Information Review, 31(1), 10-21.
    • Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to show how digital watermarking can be applied to assist and improve cryptography-based digital rights management (DRM) systems by allowing the protection of content beyond the domain protected by the DRM system. Design/methodology/approach - Digital watermarking is a passive technology, not allowing the active prevention of copyright violations. But it allows the irreversible linking of information with multimedia data, ensuring that an embedded watermark can be retrieved even after analogue copies. Therefore watermarking can be used where DRM fails: whenever content needs to be moved out of the protected DRM domain, e.g. when playing back content via analogue output channels it can mark the content with information that would help to identify its origin if it is used for copyright violations.
  • Eva RodrA guez, & Jaime Delgado. (2007). Verification algorithms for governed use of multimedia content. Online Information Review, 31(1), 38-58.
    • Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present different verification algorithms that will be used by digital rights management (DRM) systems to enable the governed distribution, super-distribution and offers of multimedia content. An issue of increased interest in DRM systems is the control of the creation, distribution and consumption of multimedia content through the complete digital value chain. Design/methodology/approach - The design and implementation of verification algorithms based on licences is described. Tools implementing these algorithms are used by DRM systems in B2B and B2C models where the distribution, offer and consumption of digital assets are controlled. Some use cases regarding the distribution, super-distribution and offer models are presented.
  • Patrick Wolf, Martin Steinebach, & Konstantin Diener. (2007). Complementing DRM with digital watermarking: Mark, search, retrieve. Online Information Review, 31(1), 10-21.
    • Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to show how digital watermarking can be applied to assist and improve cryptography-based digital rights management (DRM) systems by allowing the protection of content beyond the domain protected by the DRM system. Design/methodology/approach - Digital watermarking is a passive technology, not allowing the active prevention of copyright violations. But it allows the irreversible linking of information with multimedia data, ensuring that an embedded watermark can be retrieved even after analogue copies. Therefore watermarking can be used where DRM fails: whenever content needs to be moved out of the protected DRM domain, e.g. when playing back content via analogue output channels it can mark the content with information that would help to identify its origin if it is used for copyright violations. The remaining challenge now is to find the marked content within the channels regularly used for copyright violations. The paper therefore introduces a concept for scanning file sharing networks for marked content.

    Return to the top

    DRM Website Links::

    Publisher/Vendor Websites

    Copyright.com - Copyright Licensing and Compliance Solutions from Copyright Clearance Center
    SIIA Content Division
    MediaKey - The DRM Solutions Provider (Digital Rights Management)
    Home - Society For Scholarly Publishing
    Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers
    International Association of Scientific, Technical & Medical Publishers (STM)
    American Council of Learned Societies

    DRM Related News

    DRM Watch - Analysis of Digital Rights Management Technology
    EContentMag.com
    DRM News Blog
    The Digital Imprimatur
    Seybold365 | The Seybold Report
    DRM News

    Related Conferences & Workshops

    ACM - Digital Libraries Archive - Past Events and Conferences
    INDICARE : National libraries, preservation and digital rights management
    INDICARE - DRM & consumers in Europe
    ELPUB conference
    "Managing Digital Assets Strategic Issues for Research Libraries" Workshop cosponsored by ARL, CNI, CLIR, DLF October 25, 2005.
    CNI Task Force Meeting Fall 2006

    Public Policy Organizations

    EPIC Digital Rights Management and Privacy Page
    Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic (CIPPIC)
    Euopean Bureau of Library, Information and Documentation Associations
    European Commission - Information Society - eEurope 2005 - dRM group
    Euro CopyRights - The Protection of Technological Measures in Europe (EUCD) - Can I copy a CD or DVD? - Home
    Digital Rights Expression: Links - National Information Standards Organization (NISO)

    Library/Archive/Museum Organizations

    electronic books in libraries
    ALA | Digital Rights Management
    Liblicense: Licensing Digital Information
    Copyright & Licensing for Digi Pres UK Project Reports
    Digital Library Federation
    PADI - Preserving Access to Digital Information
    Section 108 Study Group (Library of Congress)
    DigiCULT– Technology Challenges for Digital Culture: A Technology Watch for the Cultural and Scientific Heritage Communities
    Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS) UK - AHDS Visual Arts
    Library Copyright Alliance

    Standards Organizations

    Open eBook Forum
    Digital Rights Expression: Links - National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
    Digital Library Federation, Electronic Resources Management Initiative, License Expression Languages

    Others

    Electronic Publishing Innovation Centre
    Center for Intellectual Property - UMUC

    Return to the top